Let $\{a_{n}\}$ be a sequence of real numbers. The backward differences of this sequence are defined recursively as shown next. The first difference $\triangledown a_{n}$ is
$$\triangledown a_{n} = a_{n} − a_{n−1}.$$
The $(k + 1)^{\text{st}}$ difference $\triangledown^{k+1}a_{n}$ is obtained from $\triangledown ^{k} a_{n}$ by
$$\triangledown ^{k+1}a_{n} = \triangledown^{k}a_{n} − \triangledown ^{k}a_{n−1}.$$
Find $\triangledown a_{n}$ for the sequence $\{a_{n}\},$ where
- $a_{n} = 4.$
- $a_{n} = 2n.$
- $a_{n} = n^{2}.$
- $a_{n} = 2^{n}.$