The question should be properly framed, as with the current wording you can answer some large number and can argue about the validity of your claim.
I believe the question should be like "What is the smallest number of jokes does the professor need ... "
Keeping this in mind, the professor need more than $12$ unique joke triples such that he never repeats a triplet in $12$ years.
Now lets assume professor has $k$ number of jokes.
Number of triples $= {k \choose 3} = \frac{k*(k-1)*(k-2)}{3*2} \geq 12$
$\therefore k * (k-1) * (k-2) ≥ 72$
With some trial and error, we find the smallest $k$ that satisfies the above inequality.
Answer :- $6$
Note - Here, the question should also mention what exactly they mean by a triple. In the above solution, I assumed triple means a set of 3.